美国总体有三大全国覆盖的运营商(还有一些区域级运营商,不在本文讨论范围之内)。分别是AT&T/T-Mobile/Verizon/Sprint,以及数量很多的MVNO…..
导引:
(1)结算方式提示以及美国GSM运营商(AT&T/T-Mobile)介绍
(2)美国CDMA运营商(Verizon/Sprint)介绍
结算方式以及一些提示(重要)
美国运营商一般有预付费和后付费两种结算方式,预付费类似国内运营商,预先交费,在美国其实历史不算长。与国内运营商不同的是运营商提供的套餐一般都包含了无限通话和短信,除流量外额外计费的项目通常很少,因此基本没有账户余额不足停机的说法。LTE高速流量不足时,多数套餐是限制为2G速度然后无限2G流量(不是EDGE而是拨号的128Kbps)。预付费通常比较便宜而且起价低(一些MVNO甚至0起价),资费更透明。有少数预付费套餐提供类似国内的随用随付,通常适用于功能机因为随用随付的流量费通常不划算
后付费是美国运营商传统计费方式也是最常见的,预先使用,每个月一定日期出账单。因为是后付费,需要做Credit-Check(也就是查征信),因此你可能要有SSN(社会安全号)才能申请这样的套餐。通常视运营商而定,后付费在网络拥塞时一般QoS优先级更高速度更快(其实差不了太多)。一部分运营商只对后付费资费有区域漫游(domestic roaming),如有区域漫游意味着在特定偏远区域的信号范围更广 (并不意味着在你有原生覆盖时会有更好的信号强度) , 这是因为区域漫游功能允许在你的运营商没有本地覆盖的地区漫游在其它运营商上,非原生覆盖区运营商通常会用不同颜色标识在地图上 。关于区域覆盖我会在介绍不同运营商时说明
后付费套餐可以搭配合约机,不过现在的潮流是手机费用归手机设备费用,套餐可以自由变更不与手机合约绑定。后付费主要的缺点(除了要查征信)是通常资费不够透明,如果与套餐绑定的话,超出套餐部分的流量费会偏贵,以及套餐相对贵一些,一般单人套餐最低起价在50美元左右。
另外很多运营商和国内类似,提供了家庭共享优惠(也就是多人合租一个套餐)。通常不要求一定是“家人”,在现在无限4G流量趋势下,如果能找到信得过的人合租是不错的。合租的情况下可以低到30-60美元每人且无限4G流量。不过合租也有麻烦:对于非账户持有者,不是很自由;对于账户持有者,收租是个麻烦事
此外,美国运营商的一些套餐不允许或者限制热点用量/速率(原理是限制APN设定)。尤其是iPhone用户要注意,如果没越狱运营商限制热点的情况下你很可能会无法开热点。Android如果是运营商合约机亦有类似的检测机制。越狱可以破解,不过破解你可能会被运营商侦测到并警告,最坏的情况是会被强行加入热点套餐而多收费甚至被清退,因此如有相关需求,建议详细了解好限制和可用性。
三大运营商介绍
AT&T
AT&T(下简称ATT)目前普遍被认为是美国覆盖最广的GSM UMTS(WCDMA)/LTE运营商。支持自带手机(简称BYOD 需解锁)或者合约机,他们已经不再提供GSM网络,3G网络将于2022年2月关闭,所以如果你要从国内带手机来,甚至只是想漫游在ATT的话,你一定需要支持他们至少1个WCDMA频段否则无法拨打接听电话。
ATT的频段:
WCDMA 2, 5
LTE 2, 4, 5, 12, 17, 30,建议至少支持 2,4,5,12或者2,4,5,17
AT&T目前的VoLTE协议为私有协议 只有AT&T的合约机支持VoLTE
区域漫游:AT&T原生覆盖大,区域漫游区域不多。而且对此也很简洁明了,预付费用户有一部分区域会无法漫游。具体可以参考他们网站的覆盖地图(选择Prepaid就是预付费覆盖区)
ATT的后付费资费相对较贵,注意套餐附加费用,加入套餐前要看清楚,通常网页上的价格不含税和杂费。例如其中一项杂费是设备接入费要20美元。另外目前无限流量套餐超过22GB有可能在高峰期会被QoS
ATT有预付费套餐而且选择甚多,也有无限LTE流量的预付费套餐,相对比后付费便宜些,不过不提供国际漫游。预付费无限流量也只有3Mbps限速的套餐
建议:如果要省钱,可以考虑合租
T-Mobile
T-Mobile(下简称tmo)是美国另一大GSM/WCDMA(UMTS)/LTE运营商,似乎也是目前唯一保留GSM网络的美国运营商。 支持自带手机(简称BYOD 需解锁)或者合约机 。一般认为他的覆盖比ATT差一些,但第三方机构显示他覆盖与ATT相差不多甚至4G接入成功率和速率都要比ATT高出不少(来源opensignal 2017年8月报告)
Tmo近几年无论是客户数量还是信号覆盖都增加很快,给老大哥ATT不少压力,使得ATT不得不开放无限流量套餐以及放弃套餐捆绑手机策略。Tmo的后付费资费相对比较透明(无附加费用)而且相对便宜,套餐有一些额外的赠送项目也是一些亮点。不过tmo由于快速扩张信号覆盖,一些地方甚至可能只有LTE信号覆盖,因此建议选用支持VoLTE的手机(tmo使用的是开放标准的VoLTE)。其无限流量套餐超出50GB后可能在高峰期被QoS。
Tmo的频段:
GSM 1900(PCS)
WCDMA 2, 4
LTE 2, 4, 12, 66, 71。建议至少支持2,4,12。B66是B2的超集,B71是600Mhz频段,正在建设中
tmo支持通用VoLTE
区域漫游:tmo有不少偏远地区属于区域漫游覆盖区 对比一下你就知道(详细覆盖图可以在他们官网找到 这里只是一个对比)
红色的是有区域漫游的,绿色的是没有的。在总体覆盖面积上,区别不小
好消息是目前tmo自身(不包含MVNO)无论是预付费还是后付费都有区域漫游,但tmo的区域漫游覆盖不能享受无限流量且流量很有限,这点需要注意
tmo套餐相对简化不过也有预付费和后付费的选择。后付费tmobile有一些优惠,建议如果有条件的话,可以考虑合租后付费套餐。预付费目前不能享受合租优惠
此外,tmo有大量的MVNO且性价比不错。在MVNO里会专门介绍。下一页将会介绍Verizon(请点下一页继续阅读)
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